Marlows Lack Of Restraint Essay - 1849 Words

In Joseph Conrad’s infamous novella, Heart of Darkness, the narrator listens as Marlow tells his tale of his journey in the Congo, where he comes across many different types of people, all of which he can have hugely varying opinions on. It may seem at first that he simply views the Congolese as less than himself, but his ideas of humanity are far more complex than that, and is not directly tied to race. It is not the people that he despises, but the area they inhabit. He blames their environment and gives it this eminent evil surrounding it. His is an issue with their lack of restraint to the evil and savagery of the world. Marlow’s creation of his own concept of restraint in relation to his journey informs of the major themes and ideas†¦show more content†¦As he approaches Kurtz and continues down the river and further into the Congo, Marlow accumulates around thirty native Congolese people working on his steamboat, and without a real thought he makes the ass umption and conclusion that they are all cannibals. He notes that they bring Hippo meat with them, which according to him quickly goes rotten and has to be thrown overboard. He then says, â€Å"Why in the name of all the gnawing devils of hunger they didn’t go for us—they were thirty to five—and have a good tuck-in for once, amazes me now when I think of it. They were big powerful men, with not much capacity to weigh the consequences, with courage, with strength, even yet... I saw that something restraining, one of those human secrets that baffle probability, had come into play there.† This is one of the only times that Marlow describes the native Congolese people as human. Only through first basing this off several racist stereotypes, Marlow is able for a moment to view the natives as human beings, because, in his own skewed and ridiculous view of them, he believes that they have an incredible amount of restraint to the ‘darkness’ that seems to emanate from the Congo. Their self control and resistance to the savage urges is the quality Marlow believes makes them equal to himself in the sense that they are human beings like himself. This is also telling of the grand misunderstanding of Marlow with his entire experience andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 Pagesconduct in a restrictive way, such as views on sexual restraint and a low tolerance of crime (Sanders, 2). The Victorian era saw social issues such as child labor and prostitution become issues which influenced societal views on the roles of women in British society (Sanders, 10). These social norms shaped men’s views on women in general, giving rise to the underlining perceptions of female purity and the role of women as homemakers. This essay will examine the role that societal views on women inRead More Reality and Illusion in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay3966 Words   |  16 Pagesthat whi ch is incomprehensible to Marlow. The life of the Africans and the power of the jungle—or the larger reality of humanity—is evil in its incomprehensibility. The supreme morality is restraint, and comprehension of the jungle or acceptance of its incomprehensibility becomes symbolic for the absence of restraint in man. Purpose is good in its comprehensibility. When Marlow speaks derisively of the French man-of-war shelling an invisible ‘enemy’ to no purpose it is because he finds its actions ‘incomprehensibleRead MoreThe Cruelty of Colonialism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1813 Words   |  8 Pagescareer paths, Achebe believes Conrad makes an obvious statement that he is Marlow (4). Refuting another argument defending Conrad, some believe Africa was merely the setting for the more important message behind the story of hubris, greed, and lack of restraint that contribute to an unimaginably evil man. Accordingly, Achebe accuses Conrad of having a â€Å"...perverse kind of arrogance in thus reducing Africa to the role of props for the breakup of one petty European mind† (5). Although Africa may onlyRead MoreDr. Miller s Heart Of Darkness1936 Words   |  8 Pagesthese backwards savages into the future and the ways that they can suppress their savage customs. As time goes on, he has finished his pamphlet, but his mental degradation has just begun. Soon, the darkness consumes him and he becomes one who â€Å"lacks restraint in his various lusts,† (Conrad, pg. 57) a savage himself. In the end, Kurtz lives in a hut surrounded by pikes adorned with the heads of the â€Å"savages† and proposes that the final solution to the suppression of their customs is to â€Å"exterminateRead MoreThe Distorted Images in Heart of Darkness4513 Words   |  19 Pagesother in front of him. Marlow’s attitude to their â€Å"cannibalism† reveals his fear, ignorance and contempt. In fact, there is no cannibal in Af rica, and he never encounters cannibals in Africa. He may learn it from others’ words. Marlow treats cannibalism as an everyday custom of the Congolese, even though he probably sees no evidence of it when he is there. On the trip upstream the white men catches glimpses of villages in which ceremonial rites are being performed. Marlow’s depiction of these experiences

Anz Introduction Free Essays

Recommendation It is recommended that ANZ Bank’s management should reconsider customer value proposition, reputation and security risk as a consequence of ANZ Bank recent outsourcing strategy. This report discusses three main issues that ANZ Bank’s management may have to consider if it is to enhance strength and core competency. Customer value proposition Firstly, as ANZ Bank has stressed that ‘becomes a super regional bank’ is a core strategy objective (ANZ 2012), ANZ will have to consider the potential effect for customer value proposition as a result of recent outsourcing strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Anz Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been pointed that the problem of losing managerial control that may arise from outsourcing (RBA tells bank to go slowly 2012). Weerakkody and Irani (2009) suggest that the loss of managerial control may negatively affect the quality of service which will lessen customer value proposition. Based on Porters’ five forces, ANZ Bank is involved in a situation of a high bargaining power of customers (loyalty) and the threat of substitution (Porter 1980). Reduced customer value proposition will enhance power of customers and threat of substitution (Porter 1980). Opponents may suggest that outsourcing will contribute to emphasising competitive advantage (Mcivor 2011). The competitive advantage of ANZ Bank is trade and supply chain (ANZ Trade Supply chain – A Competitive Advantage 2009). Focusing on competitive advantage will enhance customer value proposition (Piggott 2012). It will assist ANZ Bank achieve its business objective. However, ANZ Bank outsourced 50 jobs include a head of human resources, credit officers and business analysts (Wade and Hawthorne 2012). Fail to package requirements and manage contract efficiently will often result in poor performance and raising cost (Scott 2008). If poor quality services are provided and ANZ Bank fail to control this, customer value proposition will be negatively affected. Therefore, the risk of reduced customer value proposition is a significant issue that ANZ Bank should consider. Reputation The second significant issues facing ANZ Bank will be the reduced reputation in light of ANZ Bank sends jobs overseas (Wade and Hawthorne 2012). According to utilitarianism, ANZ Bank’s manager should make decisions not only based on responsibilities to the company and shareholders but also employees and society (Hartman and DesJardins 2006). Staff reduction in domestic industry will negatively impact unemployment rate. The less society responsibility will influence reputation. Applying SWOT analysis to this case, weaken the internal strength of the worthy brand will put ANZ Bank in a less competitive position (Agarwal, Grassl and Pahl 2012). Critics of this issue may suggest that outsourcing is a method for cost saving. Based on deontology, ANZ Bank’s manager has to make decisions on the basis of responsibilities to the company and shareholders (Hartman and DesJardins 2006). Outsourcing is an effective way to execute responsibilities. ANZ Bank (2012) announced that customer focus is a strategy to drive competitive advantage. Indeed, outperformance of customer service will enhance reputation ANZ Bank much more significantly than outsourcing. However, Waters (2012) pointed out that offshoring may cause workforce problem which will threaten the reputation of ANZ Bank. If ANZ Bank fail to outperform competitors with customer service, the reduced brand image may lead ANZ Bank lose market share. Hence ANZ Bank will have to consider the potential problem of reputation. Security risk The third issue that ANZ bank should aware of is security risk which can strongly affect success of outsourcing (RBA tells bank to go slowly 2012). Nassimbeni, Sartor and Dus (2012) suggests that as the foreign organisation may have less protect in a cultural and legal environment, the security risk become more relevant. The security risk increases as sensible data are available for providers, intermediaries and sub-contractors (Nassimbeni, Sartor and Dus 2012). The outsourcing industry which builds relationship with ANZ Bank can make profit through selling customer information to ANZ Bank’s competitors. Based on value chain, leak of customer information will reduce value of service (Needle 2010). Customers may switch to competitors. It can be argued that there is a contract which would protect data and customer information. The contract is legal protection tool to constrain operators (Nassimbeni, Sartor and Dus 2012). However, even if there is a contract, it does not guarantee everything will operate smoothly. The level of legal and judicial environment will affect the effectiveness of contract (Nassimbeni, Sartor and Dus 2012). For example, Vodafone has been suffered customer privacy leaks. It leads Vodafone faces penalties of up to $250,000 (Sydney Morning Herald 2011). Therefore, it is very important for ANZ Bank to consider security issue. Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that ANZ Bank should reconsider customer value proposition, reputation and security risk in response to the recent outsourcing strategy. Reference List Agarwal, R. , Grassl, W. and Pahl, G. 012, ‘Meta-SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool’, Journal of business strategy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 12-21, viewed 10 May 2012, Business Source Premier. ANZ, 2012, Our company: profile, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, Melbourne, viewed 6 May 2012, http://www. anz. com/about-us/our-company/profile/. ANZ Trade Supply chain – A Competitive Advantage, 2009, Australia and New Zeal and Banking Group Limited, Melbourne, viewed 6 May 2012,http://www. anz. com/resources/7/0/70bd2e804fdef847af02ef0c11c71176/ANZ+Trade+and+Supply+ChainOur+Awards+and+Polls. df? CACHEID=beb387004fde32f58226d72c5b851de3. Nassimbeni, G. Sartor, M. and Dus, D. 2012, ‘Security risk in service offshoring and outsourcing’, Industry management and data system, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 405-440, viewed 10 May 2012, Business Source Premier. Needle, D. 2010, Business in context: an introduction to business and its environment, 5thed. , Cengage Learning, Andover. Hartman, L. and DesJardins, J. 2006, Business ethics: decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility, McGraw Hill, Sydney. Mclvor, R. 2011, ‘Outsourcing done right’, Industrial Engineer, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30-35. Piggot, L. 2012, Introduction to business (BUSS1001), The University of Sydney, Sydney, 18 March, viewed 6 May 2012, http://blackboard. econ. usyd. edu. au/ @@/81A8AC3019FFF9D178B10ACC0DB F3F0A/courses/1/BUSS1001_SEM1_2012/content/_559616_1/embedded/BUSS1001_Sem%201%2C%202012_Week%203%20Lecture. pdf Porter, M. E. 1980, Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors, Free Press, New York. ‘RBA tells bank to go slowly’, 2012, Sydney Morning Herald, 29 March, viewed 6 May 2012, How to cite Anz Introduction, Essay examples

Importance of Organizational Behaviour Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Behaviour. Answer: Introduction In the context of organisational behaviour, proper decision making is imperative as management of human capital is one of the focused areas of business organisations. The study that shows how people interact within groups is known as organisational behaviour. Creativity and efficiency of a business organisation mostly depend on the organisational behaviour. It is a kind of scientific approach that can be applied to the management employees or workers. The connection of the decision making with the organisational behaviour is the main focus of the whole study. The theories related to organisational behaviour are mainly used for the purpose of maximising the output from individuals or group members leading towards proper management of human resource of a business organisation. By identifying the core description presented in the three selected articles, the study identifies the co-relation of organisational behaviour with the decision making process. On the other hand, similarities as well as the dissimilarities of the articles have been evaluated. Alternatively, some possible reconciliation, integration of the collected information, and practical application of the theories have been depicted in the study. Meanwhile, improvement of the job performance, promotion of creativity and innovation among the workers, increase the job satisfaction, and encouragement about leadership are the key factors for the whole discussion. Similarities among the articles Discussion of the similarities among the three articles must be started with the central idea of the entire study that is the effective and efficient management of the human resource capital of a business organisation. The most common aspects of the three articles are management of the team, leadership to the team, motivation to the team, and control the direction of the human capital of the organisation towards the achievement of the ultimate business goal. The similar concepts presented in the articles are significant for dominating organisational behaviour. In the article entitled Linking Merger and Acquisition Strategies to Postmerger Integration, Brueller, Carmeli and Markman (2016) have mentioned the core application of human resource management process by elaborating how organisations usually make the conversion of human capital into organizational outcomes. Notably, the article reflects effective and efficient utilisation of organisational human resource with proper decision making so that correct people can be placed for the right job at the exact time by providing necessary training and motivation. Also, the management must influence the role playing of employees by imposing a sense of desired organizational behaviour that can lead the whole unit to the taste of success. In the article, Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management, Langley et al. (2013) has focused on how things develop, emerge, grow or terminate over the period of time in the management. Precisely the study describes how to manage and control the organizational change with the process of making decisions regarding the human capital and management of organizational behaviour for the sake of developmental flow of the organization. On the other hand, in the Leading virtual teams, Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) have found that motivating the human capital of a business organization i.e. the workers and employees, through proper performance appraisal process and rewarding process, is very helpful for the accomplishment of the organizational objectives. Through fulfilling individual objectives for the achieve ment of the predetermined organizational aim, management can influence decision making. After careful observation and study of all the three articles, the fact has been cleared out that improper management and control of the most important element of a business organisation i.e. human resource or human capital will make the organisation unable to fulfil its objectives and achieve its goals. If the human capital and the organisational behaviour can be managed in a proper way with correct decisions, the outcome will help the firm to the peak of success. The difference among the articles Though the concepts and general ideas are same, the point of views of each article has described differences in the managerial premises. In their article, Langley et al. (2013) has focused on the risk assessment along with risk management that have been given more priority for gaining stability in the rapidly changing business environment. The study defines that wrong assessment and control of organisational risk is very harmful to the ratio of profitability of the business. The right choice of decisions and planning of the human resource can ensure proper flow of organisational activities and fulfilment of objectives. In the other article, Hoch and Kozlowski (2014) have promoted the leadership structure that has been given more emphasis. Notably, leadership is something that has the power to direct the organisation to the joy of success or the frustration of failure. Brueller, Carmeli and Markman (2016), in the article have expressed how to enhance the abilities, skills and knowledg e for the betterment of performance of the personnel mainly the key personnel of the organization as the key personnel have the ability to accept and get used to fast with the changing situation. Meanwhile, they can transfer the flow of implementation of the ideas actively within the whole organizational activities. The objectives and goals of business organizations are unique and different from each other. The aims have been finalised according to the financial and managerial structure of the business. Moreover, the decision-making pattern of the organization is also dissimilar in nature i.e. each business organization identifies their objectives, priorities, scopes and goals in their different competitive premises (Hoch and Kozlowski, 2014). However, the focus of all the articles is proper control and management of human resource or human capital of the business the reaching path and planning to that goal is not similar. Possible reconciliations From the similar point of view of these three articles, some possible reconciliation can be made through the explanation of some quotes regarding human resource. Based on the articles, only having the best planning and best strategies are not enough for development of the organization but making a proper combination of good things of the mind and heart of different organizational people for the sake of organizational development is really necessary. On the other hand, the lifeblood of a business organization is financial resource. Notably, the brain of a business organization is the human resource that emphasizes more on the decision making process for recruiting the right person at the right time for achieving the desired and optimum outcome of any of the organizational activities (Hoch and Kozlowski, 2014). For the proper maintenance of human resource of a business organization, some important aspects must be remembered so that they will always be able to accept the changes of the internal as well as external environments. For this purpose ensuring appropriate leadership approach is very important as required on basis of particular organizational premise. Management of grievance among the employees and the workers, enforcing proper appraisal of the performance given by the employees and the workers is very important for the desired maintainability of the organizational behaviour (Langley et al., 2013). The decision making of human resources must be influenced through identification, evaluation and attracting them towards the organizational goal. Moreover, decision making depends on the application of required leadership approach that can maintain a good and healthy organizational climate. Integration of the information Integration of human resource planning and the organisational planning for ensuring best possible utilisation of resources, human and material is very important. By maintaining a good and ethical organisational environment through the enforcement of proper behavioural approach within the workplace, the organisational behaviour has increased the potentiality of human resource management (Langley et al., 2013). On the other hand, preparing the organisations human resources to meet the challenges of changes due to technological development and modernization in the internal as well as the external environment of the organisation is one of the most significant tasks of human resource management department. Admittedly, objective of human resource planning also includes making the proper plan for the recruitment and selection so as to cater to the appropriate needs of the business organization so that it can achieve the future development, diversification expansion and modernization, etc (B rueller, Carmeli and Markman, 2016). In simple words, human resource management or manpower planning is the process by which the management of an organization ensures that it has the right number of people, the right kind of people, at the right places, and at the right time, for various operations and in connection with the organizational objectives and goals. Management and control of organisational behaviour in the decision-making context can be defined as a process and also a strategy for the acquisition, utilisation, improvement, retention and maintenance of human resources over a definite future period. By making a balance, the demand and supply of a requisite number of manpower in a business organisation can be controlled. The right calculation of forecasting of future human resource requirements in an organization is made after carefully studying and analysing the past ratios relating to the number of employees of each category, level of production, total sales volume or number of sales persons, activity level or workload level and direct indirect employees of the organization is a very crucial task. Application of the theories in real life scenario According to the articles, leading organisational people toward attaining the predefined goals and objectives is a complex process that is known as leadership. The human resource study implies that people always striving for a leadership position in their professional career. Leadership has that ability to impose proper organisational behaviour to direct the organisational people towards the accomplishment of the organisational objectives for the sake of achieving organisational goals. The most significant factor of a good and successful organisation is decision making. The Proper way of making good decision involves the collection of relevant data and information and accurate interpretation of the information for setting the function sequentially is a very important aspect of a business organisation. For instance, Microsoft enforces some vital behavioural approach i.e. respect for the people, individual commitment to creativity, learning and flexibility, individual willingness to ch ange. Microsoft has properly explained to its employees what means the actual sense of organisational behaviour and why it is so important (Brueller, Carmeli and Markman, 2016). Microsoft has given consistent performance in achieving a high quality of life and high level of performance of the employees simultaneously. Enforcement of social responsibilities and ethics in day-to-day works has made the company globally recognised in their particular field. Microsoft uses modern workplace trends i.e. honest commitment to ethical behaviour, the importance of human capital, emphasis on team work, the significant influence of information technology, respect for new job profile and new workplace expectation and through the application of all of these, it changes the definition of career and job. An organisation is the collection of different people who are working together in the different departments related to different works to achieve a common goal. By keeping this definition in mind, Microsoft creates a sense that the process of gaining knowledge and utilising data and information to adapt the changing business surroundings and business environment to achieve s uccess in the business through organisational learning is a vital aspect of human resource management. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that the proper decision making is critical for maintaining healthy good organisational behaviour in the internal as well as the external environment of a business organisation. After analysing and identifying the key factors of the three articles, some facts have been made i.e. management and control of human capital with proper decision making is imperative for enforcing desired organisational behaviour among the personnel of the organisation. In this context, the focus of the human resource department can be explained as a process which reviews the total system of management programs which facilitate the development, allocation and monitoring all the aspects and activities related to human resource. Also, effective decision making develops a statement of finding with recommendations for correcting deviations and evaluates the current manpower inventory. Similarly, it identifies any deficit or excess compare to the predetermined levels. Finally, the proper maintenance of organisational behaviour builds a sound organisational structure and cordial working relationships with the organisational people to establish an organisational climate and culture of teamwork, mutual respect and a sense of belonging. References Brueller, N., Carmeli, A. and Markman, G. (2016). Linking Merger and Acquisition Strategies to Postmerger Integration.Journal of Management, pp.1-26. Hoch, J. and Kozlowski, S. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), pp.390-403. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A. (2013). Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management: Unveiling Temporality, Activity, and Flow.The Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), pp.1-13.

Vidas free essay sample

Washing buffer is pipetted in and out of SPR ? unbound or nonspecifically bound sample is removed VIDAS Steps and Principle (cont. ) 3. Enzyme conjugated antibody (2nd) specific for target organism is pipetted in and out of SR ? 2nd antibody binds to organism captured previously by the 1st antibody VIDAS Steps and Principle (cont. ) 4. Washing buffer is pipetted in and out of SPR ? unbound or non-specifically bound 2nd antibody is removed VIDAS Steps and Principle (cont. ) 5. Enzyme substrate is pipetted in and out of the SPR substrate is broken down by enzyme on the 2nd antibody to form a fluorescent product Antibody enzyme conjugate Substrate VIDAS Steps and Principle (cont. ) 6. Reaction product is pipetted into the cuvette and the fluorescence read VIDAS system See lab sheet †¢ Must be calibrated prior to use of each lot of kit A standard is provided with the kit for the calibration – Calibrated value of standard is kept in the system for 14 days VIDAS result? (report shows 3 sets of number) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Vidas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Background 2. RFV 3. TV 3 sets of number in VIDAS report 1. Background fluorescence in cuvette before the run 1. RFV (relative fluorescence value) = fluorescence in cuvette after the run minus the background 1. TV (test value) = RFV of sample / RFV of standard Analysis of VIDAS result †¢ TV (test value) of sample is compared to that of threshold values – High and low threshold values – Pre-established by the supplier of the VIDAS system for the assay Analysis of VIDAS result TV of sample ? high threshold value lt; high threshold value ? low threshold value lt; low threshold value Result Interpretation + ? ?

Asia Pacific Security Study Essays

Asia Pacific Security Study Essays Asia Pacific Security Study Essay Asia Pacific Security Study Essay ASIA PACIFIC SECURITY STUDY 1. The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies is a one of two U. S. Department of Defense regional studies centers (The other is the Marshall Center in Europe.). It was established on 4 September 1995 as a direct reporting unit to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command. The center is a multilateral, non-war fighting, academic institution which focuses on security at the national policy level. It explores how the increasingly complex interrelationships of military, economic, political, and diplomatic policies interact to create regional stability or instability. 2. The centers mission is to foster understanding, cooperation, and the study of security-related issues among military and civilian representatives of the U. S. and other Asia-Pacific nations. This mission complements and supports the U. S. Pacific Commands Cooperative Engagement Strategy. The center is also a manifestation of former Defense Secretary Perrys concept of preventive defense. Approach 3. The center takes a two-prong approach to the study of security issues. (a) first through the College of Security Studies which focuses on future leaders. (b) second through a Research and Conference Center which focuses on current leaders. 4. The center provides a focal point where national officials, decision makers, and policy makers can gather to exchange ideas, explore pressing issues, and achieve a greater understanding of the challenges that shape the security environment of the Asia-Pacific region. The Colleges Curriculum 5. Security is the major theme, and the relationship among future military and government civilian leaders from 45 countries in the Asia-Pacific region is the focus. a. The Core Curriculum provides grounding in significant issues affecting the Asia-Pacific region, including diplomatic and military matters, economic issues, and socio-cultural concerns. The emphasis of the core course is on studying ways to create and maintain cooperation in Asia-Pacific relations. b. The Advanced Studies Program (electives) complements the core curriculum. The college offers graduate-level courses designed to provide participants the opportunity to broaden and deepen their studies on selected topics. Each participant takes at least four electives during the 12-week program of study. c. Group Study Projects supplement the classroom components of the curriculum. Participants form small study groups (three to five members each) to examine selected aspects of specific geographic areas or specific regional themes. d. The Field Studies Program expands the centers academic analyses of important regional issues (military, scientific, economic, and political) through site visits that may involve interviews and discussions. Some examples are the underground operations of the Hawaii Civil Defense Center, a visit to all the military commands in Hawaii, and an off-island trip to the Maui High Performance Computing Center and Pacific Disaster Center. e. Skills Courses provide voluntary specific training in areas such as use of computers and various software programs, accessing the Internet and other practical subjects. F. The Professional Enhancement Program provides an opportunity for involvement in personal and professional enhancement sessions with visiting dignitaries and experts in a variety of fields. Some of the topics are: Asian Security Issues; International and Regional Organizations; Nations, States, and Ethnic Identity; Access to and Competition for Resources; Demographics; Ethics, Rights, and Security; The Media and National Security; The Policy Process; Confidence and Transparency; Peacekeeping Operations, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief. Participant Nomination and Selection 6. Nominations for foreign representative participation in the 12-week College of Security Studies courses come through the American embassies for final approval at the Asia-Pacific Center. The U. S. nominations come from the various military commands and government organizations through the college registrar. The participants are high-ranking military and government civilians (Lt. Col./Cmdr., Col./Capt., and equivalent civilian rank) who are involved in regional security issues and are identified as the future leaders of their respective militaries or defense institutions. Candidate from Malaysia for year 2010 was attended APCSS course in Hawaii are as follows. a. Kol Mohd Zaki bin Hamzah, Army HQ 29 Apr-6 Jun 10. b. Lt Col Khairi Asri bin Baharin RMAF, Air Forces HQ 8 Jul â€Å" 5 Ogos 10. c. Cept Yeow Ho Siong RMN, Joint Force HQ â€Å" 21 Oct â€Å" 10 Dec 10. Alumni Associations 7. Alumni Relations APCSS has more than 4,500 graduates and more than 40 alumni associations in locations such as: Australia, Afghanistan, American Samoa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia (informal association), Canada, Chile, Comoros, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Maldives, Madagascar (w/Africa Center), Malaysia (127 Officers From MAF are APCSS Alumni members), Mauritius, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Timor-Leste, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and United States (DC Hawaii). 8. APCSS continues to engage more than 4,000 graduates as part of an Alumni Program. Fellows serve as future guest speakers and assist in outreach efforts in their countries. They also have access to the APCSS Alumni Network to share information and research regional and global security issues. Conferences APCSSâ„ ¢ tightly focused conference program attempts to anticipate the most challenging regional and transnational security issues and cooperation tasks ahead. These serve as a forum for key regional interagency, multinational security policy drafters and decision makers to develop cooperative approaches to these problems. 9. The Alumni Program. Povides a forum for former graduates and faculty to maintain contact with the Center and with each other. We maintain a data base of all graduates and former faculty members to help you stay connected with APCSS and each other. Additionally, we provide information on the whereabouts of our alumni to our Center director and deputy director so they may meet with you socially during their travels throughout the Asia-Pacific region. 10. Focused Outreach Events. APCSS staff and faculty routinely travel throughout the Asia-Pacific region to conduct mini-courses, conferences and research that address specific needs identified by host nation and U.S. Embassy officials 11. Research. APCSS faculty members conduct research that strengthens communities of influence via partnered research on future security issues. In addition, APCSS coordinates and reports on a series of annual consultations with counterpart organizations in regional countries. Reports, papers, articles and books, are available on our website at www.apcss.org 12. Visit Program More than 1,000 visitors come to APCSS each year including senior leaders from the U.S. and other countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Visitors participate in roundtable discussions and serve as guest speakers. 13. College of Security Studies. Fellows in the College come from throughout the region and consist of senior military and government civilian equivalents in security-related positions. The course under college of Security Studies are as follows: a. Senior Executive Course:?   Transnational Security Cooperation (SEC).Description. An intensive program for current leaders on the upward track for positions of significant national (and possibly international) responsibility. Designed for senior security practitioners from the Asia-Pacific region now serving in positions that require experience and rank at the one- to four-star military and civilian-equivalent level (intent is to replicate a forum consisting of practitioners who influence security cooperation). Curriculum emphasizes the impact of change in the region, as well as capacities leader and institutional to manage change. The course integrates a challenging program of guest speakers, along with interactive seminar workshop dialogues and action-planning Course attendees join an expanded network of contacts among regional security practitioners that include their fellow classmates and APCSS faculty, as well as a regional community of expertise via a dedicated web portal used by APCSS alumni and others. b. Advanced Security Cooperation?   (ASC). The Advanced Security Cooperation (ASC) course is designed to advance knowledge, skills and networks related to multilateral security cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region among mid-career security practitioners representing national government agencies and other influential regional and national entities. The course intends to stimulate strategic analysis and understanding of major security trends and challenges in the region, available and desirable tools and processes of their mitigation as well requirements for developing adequate national security sector capabilities to support regional effort of confidence-building, preventive diplomacy, conflict resolution and crisis management. Additionally, the course seeks to enhance individual leader skills in critical thinking, communication, collaboration and decision-making in complex multinational and culturally diverse environments. c. Comprehensive Security Responses to Terrorism Course.This course provides CbT security practitioners in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as other designated countries around the world, the operational and strategic-level skills necessary to enhance their ability to understand and combat terrorism and transnational threats.?   Through faculty lectures, guest speaker presentations, real-world case studies, seminar discussions and tailored ?  exercise scenarios, CSRT Fellows explore the nature of todayâ„ ¢s terrorist threats, better appreciate the challenges associated with countering ideological support for terrorism and violent extremism, achieve a more common understanding of global and regional terrorism challenges, analyze tools and capabilities for combating terrorism and transnational threats in order to promote appropriate strategies.?   The CSRT course is designed to build relationships between and among the United States and current and future CbT practitioners of participating countries in order to develop trust, confidence and specific methods necessary for increased information sharing, reduction of obstacles to cooperation in the international collaborative effort against those who use terror to achieve goals.?   The curriculum focuses on the non-warfighting aspects of security and is divided as follows:?   ?  Understanding; Framing and Assessing the Challenge; Formulating Responses to the Challenge; and Strategy Application.?   After leaving the Center, CSRT graduates are able to continue their collaborative efforts through IT/ET enabled portal connectivity. d. Comprehensive Crisis Management (CCM). Description: The Comprehensive Crisis Management (CCM) Course is a 4-week course that focuses on developing leader skills in five core areas: Comprehensive understanding of the complexity of crisis situations, strategic assessment, cooperation and collaboration, communication and use of appropriate technology. Offered once a year, the course is ideal for practitioners whose current or future responsibilities lie in the field of crisis management and recovery. Mid-career to senior practitioners including 0-4 (Major) to 0-6 (Colonel)- level military personnel, and civilian equivalents from diverse backgrounds such as law enforcement, government ministries and disaster management authorities are welcome to attend. Participants are also encouraged from NGOs, regional and international agencies and organizations, and academia. Participants come from all over the Asia-Pacific region, and in any one course may be drawn from as many as 45 nations and entities. Crises are dramatic disruptions in the political, economic and social life of a nation. Their causes are diverse and range from conflicts to natural disasters, but they can seriously disrupt a populations capacity to survive and the ability of national authorities to respond. Reflecting their complexity and scale, crises require a response that is well-coordinated and multi-sectoral in nature. Very often, the assistance of international actors may also be needed. Therefore, the course will emphasize broad, strategic-level themes and considerations rather than tactical prescriptions. e. Asia-Pacific Orientation Course (APOC). Course Description.?  The course provides an introduction to Asia-Pacific culture, politics, protocols and challenges, while addressing U.S. interests in the region. The curriculum is focused by day and examines: Day One) Regional Perspectives, Day Two) Treaty Alliance Partners Security Challenges, Day Three) Key Regional Players Security Challenges, Day Four) Regional Issues, and Day Five) Transnational Challenges. Attention is given to both historical and emerging issues. The course includes a rigorous program of lectures and interactive sessions, and three break-out seminar sessions. f. Senior Executive Asia-Pacific Orientation Course (SEAPOC). The course provides an introduction to Asia-Pacific culture, politics, protocols and challenges, while addressing U.S. interests in the region.?   The curriculum is focused by day and examines: Day One) Regional Perspectives, Day Two) Regional Issues, and Day Three) Transnational Challenges.?   Attention is given to both historical and emerging issues.?   The course includes a rigorous program of lectures and interactive sessions, and three senior-leader seminar sessions.?   ACTIVITIES 14. FY 2011 College Calendar. |Course |Course # |Start |End | |Comprehensive Security Responses to | | | | |Terrorism (CSRT) Course |11-01 |24-Feb-11 |25-Mar-11 | |Comprehensive Crisis Management (CCM) | | | | |Course | | | | | | | | | | |11-01 |07-Jul-11 |05-Aug-11 | |Advanced Security Cooperation (ASC) Course | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |11-01 |28-Apr-11 |15-Jun-11 | |Transnational Security Cooperation (TSC) | | | | |Course | | | | | | | | | | |11-01 |07-Feb-11 |11-Feb-11 | | |11-02 |11-Apr-11 |15-Apr-11 | | |11-03 |19-Sep-11 |23-Sep-11 | |Asia-Pacific Orientation Course (APOC) | | | | | | | | | | |11-01a* |05-Oct-10 |09-Oct-10 | | |11-01b |24-Jan-11 |28-Jan-11 | | |11-02 |11-Jul-11 |15-Jul-11 | | |11-03 |26-Sep-11 |30-Sep-11 | |Senior Executive Asia-Pacific Orientation | | | | |Course (SEAPOC) | | | | 15. Summaries Of Past APCSS Activities has been Involved by Malaysian Armed Forces. The detail activities are as follows: a. Workshop: Southeast Asia Regional Multi Sectoral Pandamic Perparedness and Response Table Top Exercise: b. Date : 16-20 Aug 2010. c. Functional Theme: Cooperative Effort in Support to US Pacific Command. d. Geographic Focus : Southeast Asia/ASEAN Nation. e. Objective are as follows: (1) Gain common understanding by all participants of existing regional preparedness and response plans and mechanisms; (2) Confirm essential services sectors and identifying planning and response elements and issues that influences the preparedness and continuity of operations by government and civil society and the national and regional level, including sectoral interdependencies that may result in additional effects; (3) Determine when an initial health crisis response changes to a multi-sectoral crisis severely impacting the functioning of society and interaction among countries within a region; identify key trigger points for actions by ASEAN (as an organization), ASEAN Member States and other regional and international organizations and assisting states; (4) Identifying the gaps in how ASEAN (as an organization) and ASEAN Member State coordinate and cooperate amongst themselves, and with UN and other key international agencies including donors, develop strategic option for regional cooperation when the response requires broader efforts; (5) Examine the regional communications strategy, protocols and plans for possible improvements; and (6) Identify recommendation strategy, protocols and plans for possible improvements to existing standard operating procedures (SOPs) and plans for interagency and cross-border cooperation. g. Location: Phnom Penh Cambodia h. Participant. Participant from Malaysian Armed Forces and National Security Council (NSC) as follows: a. Col Mohd Halim bin Khalid (3002599) Director of Defence Operations Training Division. b. Col Dr A. Halim bin Hj Basari (3005657) Director of Pharmacy Health Services Division. c. Lt Col Mohd Sakri bin Hj Hussin (NSC)

Changing In The Role Of Management Accountant Accounting Essay

Changing In The Role Of Management Accountant Accounting Essay Abstract This essay gives an overview of the changing role of management accountant and the management accounting practices. An idea of how these changes were developed and the factors behind the changes what were the reasons for implementing the changes, what were the main drivers and to what extent these changes are now being practice in the real business world? Introduction Over the few decades- many writers have pointed to the work of Johnson and Kaplan (1987) as an organ in this respect that there has been a shift in the expectation of management accountant. This essay is a brief overview of why, how, and to what extent there has been a change in the role of management accountant over the last three decades. In the past decades business environment has changed significantly, this is mainly because of the changes in technology and ever growing demands of business managers all around the globe. These changes have brought a significant level of change in economical factors of busi ness world and management accounting is no exception. And with these changes management accounting as a whole is effected, it has brought changes in accounting system and techniques and has been subject to various debates as to bring changes in the function of accounting. Nevertheless, there have been mainly two types of development: adoption of new tools and techniques which enhances accounting practice, and on the other hand change in the role of management accountant, which is towards acting more in decision making and advisory rather than solely focusing on providing information. In the following sections this essay will give a brief idea of the main reason behind the changes and how these changes effected the management accounting practices and to what extent these changes are adapted by the accounting sector. Reasons for the changes The ever changing environmental and technological factors has affected the global economy in past few decades, and accounting and finance is a key player in running any economy. And as being a major factor in running any economy accounting practices has suffered significantly. But the focus in this essay is on management accounting and its practitioner and why, how and to what extent there has been a change in their practice. Laboring under the shadow of financial reporting, auditing and taxation, on number of occasion’s management accounting has escaped the spotlight of critics. Often management accounting and the role of management accountant is relegated to the lower crust of accounting, and was limited to the role of organizational book keeping and budgeting and sometimes only to the extent of obligatory university or professional body courses. But if we look in this matter from historical point of view management accounting was and to some extent still considered as a dull profession. We can say that due to globalization of markets which have increased competition, and now markets are more volatile, where reaction time is very little for companies to act. Advancement in information and production technologies, which have reduce the time of information processing by accounting specialist and has enabled other organizational staff to take up tasks by themselves which were previously labeled for accountants.   [ i ]

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative Essay

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative advertisement - Essay Example Ever since its approval, comparative advertisements has been compared to a double edged sword in which it promotes one product whereas demotes the other. An ideal comparative advertisement provides the customers with honest and sincere information in order to compete with a product so that the consumers can make a better choice while purchasing the commodity. Various researches proved that comparative advertisements help to create awareness among consumers, hence, the less popular brands become popular and the market for the popular brands tend to decrease. Comparative advertisement is considered unethical when the comparison provides the consumer with fake information and misleads the customer on purpose. Hence unethical comparative advertisements may also result in lawful proceedings. In accordance with one court any oblique remark, any indirect proclamation or any suggestions that may mean more than one thing are considered unethical. It is also considered wrong if an advertisemen t flatters their product in comparison to other. Furthermore, any sort of name calling, insulting and finger pointing are considered wrong and should be avoided at all possible costs when indulging in comparative advertisements. To keep a check and balance on comparative advertisements and to keep it within limits various organizations in the United States such as American Association of Advertising Agencies, the National Association of Broadcasters and the FTC have issued do’s and don’ts of comparative advertisements. One such example is of NBC, which says that the companies should not discredit, disparage or attack the competitors, products or industries in an unfair way (BoveÃŒ e & Arens, 1982). A list of guidelines by The American Association of Advertising Agencies is made up of ten points which ensures that a comparative advertisement remains within the ethical boundaries. The first point

Economic Report on Housing Sector in Scotland Essay

Economic Report on Housing Sector in Scotland - Essay Example This paper is divided into three parts. Part A will present an analysis of the Scottish housing market for the first decade of the new millennium (2000-2010). It will look at the major factors affecting demand, supply, and price of housing units. In the process of analysis, it will also seek to determine whether the housing sector in Scotland is volatile or not and what are the reasons for this. Part B will go on to review specifics regarding the reasons for the ups and downs in the housing sector. Part C will differentiate between factors that are indigenous to Scotland and factors that may affect the whole of the UK housing sector. It will then end with recommendations to be implemented that when done, will hopefully reduce the volatility of the housing market in the UK in general and in Scotland in particular.  Ã‚  Available data shows that the average number of new housing units established per year in Scotland since the 1980s was 20,000 units; these have however peaked at 25,0 00 in 2007 and there has been a decline since then to around just 17,000 units in 2010. This decline was seen in the years 2009 and 2010. The average UK house price was  £163,244 at the end of 2010, with London being the most expensive region in the UK overall, and Edinburgh leading the price rise in Scotland.  Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire were areas that had recorded a housing demand growth of 4 percent over the year ending December 2010. These areas have benefitted from strong and stable economic opportunities.  

Income and Wealth Equality Essay Example for Free

Income and Wealth Equality Essay Discuss whether the most effective way to have income and wealth equality is to tax income more progressively. Income is a stable flow of money, often a salary, which someone works for but this can also be made through interest on savings. This flow of money is often very unequal from person to person due to wage differentials, this then creates inequality. Wealth on the other hand is a stock of assets which have a market value, which may change over time e. g. houses or cars. These are often inherited but can be bought by someone through their income. Wealth and income often found together however someone who is wealthy doesn’t always have a large income. Their relationship with inequality is also very different with a lot more inequality found in wealth as a fifth of wealth is concentrated among the richest one per cent of households however there is still some in income. One way the government can stop this inequality is through a progressive taxation system that aims to tax the poorest people very little but make the money up by taxing the richer. This would work at several boundaries with someone income being taxed higher when it exceeds a certain limit. This then creates equality as the richer people have less money and the poorer have more from not paying tax and then the unemployed get benefits. This then reduces the budget deficit as the tax payers pay for people benefits, helping to reduce the class system. However one problem with this is that it may cause the highest earners to leave the country to avoid paying tax and companies moving their headquarters abroad where they will pay less tax. This happened in the 70s with the rolling stones but is also happening with corporations such Amazon and Costa and this something that may happen more if the richer are taxed too much. This is also taking money out of the economy as they spend their money abroad, out of the flow of income in the UK. Another problem with this system is that it creates ‘the poverty trap’. A type of government failure, this is when there is no incentive for people to get off benefits as they won’t make any more money. To stop this there may need to be a re-evaluation of the system as the replacement ratio is too high. This can also create poor attitudes, with generations of people not working. This is also found in the work place with some people refusing pay rises as they will have to pay more money in tax as they go through a tax boundary. However more recently this has happened with child benefits as these are being reduced depending on how much someone earns another reason why someone would refuse a pay rise. Wealth is often harder to tax however it is often caused by income so the tax system previously described may be used to reduce wealth and thus stopping inequality. This system can also be found in wealth though, with inheritance tax being used progressively. For example any money above 325,000 is taxed at 40%. This then creates a source of revenue for the government but also stops people inheriting huge sums of money, stopping inequality. However this system has its flaws as the tax has to be paid first, it could also be argued as unfair as someone who works for their money is entitled to leave it to who they want, especially as it was already taxed when it was earned. This system has also caused many pensioners to move abroad where what they leave is taxed less. The money inherited is also often used by entrepreneurs to fund businesses so the system may also reduce the possibility for future in income tax. This systems also sonly raises  £2.9bn a year, a mere 0.18% of GDP, which sometimes ends up being spent on court cases as people argue against the system. One alternative system for reducing inequality is by providing incentives for people to get into work. This could be done by changing the minimum wage as it would reduce the replacement ratio. This can also be achieved by reducing the unemployment benefits or making them harder to get. Reducing benefits would also lower the budget deficit as the government can save money. However this could be hard on people who genuinely can’t work due to long term illness or disability. Another way of increasing the work force is by increasing spending on training of workers but also in the education system. This will create better skilled and qualified workers, allowing them to make more money and giving them more job opportunities. This type of supply side policy can be expensive but there should be future benefits as their will be more money made from income tax. They would also create job opportunities for teachers or other people to teach skills. Other examples of this include apprenticeships and part time work schemes that together should create a job for everyone, reducing the tax bill. However they won’t work for everyone as there is always someone who will be left behind and It may also be hard to change the mind set of people who are used to not working. These types of policies would also all stop inequality as the poorer people would have employment opportunities giving them a higher source of income. However there are very little alternatives to redistribute wealth as it is impossible to give people items of value as those who are in poverty often don’t even have a house. The government may be able to provide schemes for people to work for their homes and other areas of wealth. It is also hard for them to find things of wealth at an affordable rate especially as it is normally found through work done by relatives. This is why it is unlikely to be done as it wouldn’t be very sustainable and effective however in theory the re distribution of wealth could be done. In conclusion the progressive tax system has its benefits as it provides a simple way of reducing inequality by taxing the rich and giving the poor money, bringing them closer financially. However in my opinion the system is the easy solution with short term benefits rather than long term gains that might happen through providing incentives rather than disincentives for people. However the problem with wealth is greater as it can’t be easily moved but through redistributing income wealth will consequently be redistributed as ultimately income is the main cause of wealth.

Death as a Theme Our Town :: essays papers

In the play Our Town, the people of Grover’s Corners mask their worries and thoughts about death in their quest for happiness. In the first act, a few deaths occur, and the attitude of the people towards these deaths is a negligent one of briefly acknowledging death and moving on. Also, the children in act two who are faced with adulthood are reluctant to accept the burden, through their hesitance to grow up and approach death. In the third act, when we finally get a clear picture of death, the reader sees that the people who are dead are regretful that their mundane lives were incomplete, not realizing the importance of life until they are dead. This method of living proves unfulfilling, as the dead arduously mourn their trivial lives yearning to have made a difference. The stage manager directs the flow of the play throughout, and his transient attitude towards death reflects Grover’s Corners overall outlook on a life that tries to mentally avoid death. This stance is established primarily by the stage manager in his first act narrative, which hastily describes the fatalities, masking their importance and reality. â€Å"Want to tell you something about that boy Joe Crowell there. Joe was awful bright – graduated from high school here, head of his class. So he got a scholarship to Massachusetts Tech. Graduated head of his class there, too. It was all wrote up in the Boston paper at the time. Goin’ to be a great engineer, Joe was. But the war broke out and he died in France.† This brief account demonstrates the importance placed on a man’s death. The people of Grover’s Corners live in a world where change is frowned upon; consequently, the means of dealing with such a great adjustment as death is to prevent themselves from thinking of it. In the stagnant society of Grover’s corners, death is the ultimate obstacle, and ignorance is the remedy. Another instance where the stage manager subtly demonstrates this practice of evading notions of death is his intervention in scenes that broach the topic. â€Å"Only it seems to me that once in your life before you die you ought to see a country where they don’t talk in English and don’t even want to.† The stage manager enters briskly from the right. He tips his hat to the ladies (P.

Analyzing Misunderstanding in Communication Essay

I. Introduction 1.1 Background There are many things to do when students are having time together with their friends. They can share thoughts and feelings with each other or discuss homework, lessons and so forth. Topics will flow naturally when â€Å"comfortable zone† in the communication have been reached. Those are some of evidences which show that people communicate with others. Communication is an exchange of ideas, knowledge, etc. between individuals by using language in which all parties understand the language they use. Communication certainly involves more than one person, which means that there are more than one thought involved in the communication because everyone has different backgrounds, experiences, etc. There are two positions in communication, they are as a sender and as receiver and they will take turn to these positions. â€Å"All communication has two parts: a sender and a receiver. The sender has a message he or she intends to transmit, and s/he puts it in words, which, to her/him, best reflect what s/he is thinking. But many things can intervene to prevent the intended message from being received accurately.† (Burgess, 2013). Read more:  Different reasons why people communicate  essay Misunderstandings sometimes occur in this exchange of ideas in communication. The receiver hears but he does not listen. He does not absorb the points being made. It may because the receiver does not focus on what the sender or speaker has said. â€Å"†¦ a few misunderstandings are language-related, the source of many of the misunderstandings can be traced to ambiguity in the speaker’s utterances. Other reasons for misunderstanding include mishearing and lack of world knowledge, namely, factors that also contribute to misunderstanding in intracultural communication.†, (Kaur: 2011). There are some other factors which we will find that can cause misunderstanding in communication if we analyze our experiences in having communication with others. 1.2 Purpose of writing The purposes of this writing are: a) To find out the factors cause misunderstanding in communication, especially in the conversation which will be shown by the writer in the retrospective data section. b) To show what students usually talk about when they are gathering with their friends. II. Retrospective Data Everyone certainly has experienced misunderstanding when have communication with others; friends, relatives, teachers, etc. Misunderstanding not only occurs in communication involving different languages, cultures, etc. People communicate with other who has the same language can also experience misunderstanding in which. It happened to me, I communicated with my friends by using same language but I still have misunderstanding in the communication. Thus, in this paper, I try to analyze misunderstanding in communication that I have experienced with my friends. At that time, we were going to play card (bridge) while talking about the latest Korean movie. Everyone already had their cards that had been dealt. There three players in this game, namely, I, Ima and Anthi. Ima: â€Å"Apa film korea terbaru sekarang teman-teman?† (what is the latest Korean movie, guys?) I and Anthi: â€Å"Emergency Couple!† Ima: â€Å"Iiih mau!† (Can I have the copy?) Anthi: â€Å"Bagus tau Maa† (It is really amazing, Maa) I : â€Å"Iya bener dah Maa† (She’s true, Maa) Ima: â€Å"Siapa main?† (Who is the cast?) I : â€Å"Yang punya angka 3 keriting sih† (Who has the 3-kinky card of course play first) They both looked at me and laughed. I thought for a moment about why they laughed at me and I just need a few minutes to understand why they did it. I : â€Å"Oooh..† (I see) I and Anthi: â€Å"Ji Hyo yang maiiin† ( Ji Hyo is main character/ one of the casts) III. Analysis/Discussion Communication is a complex human activity that is successful most of the time. This, however, does not mean that understanding is granted or that it is always the case. Misunderstanding is a regular non-extraordinary feature of human interaction, whether communicative interaction is cross-cultural or not (Dascal 1985; Brown 1995 in BOU-FRANCH, Patricia (2002)). The data is one of examples which shows that the misunderstanding could still exist even all the parties in the communication have the same culture, language and age. The misunderstanding is happened when I said â€Å"Yang punya angka 3 keriting sih† (Who has the 3-kinky card of course play first). I said that because I thought my friend, Ima, asked who played first or who had turn to start the game. I thought in that way because at that time I had just set my card and had ready to start playing the game and because I had the 3-kinky card. What is the importance of having the 3-kinky card? The rule of playing â€Å"Jenderal† using bridge card in Indonesia, particularly in Lombok, is the one who plays first is the person who has the 3-kinky card. If we analyze the data more deeply, we will find that misunderstanding in the communication happened because I did not focus on the conversation when Ima asked, â€Å"Siapa main?† (Who is the cast?. I still focus on what we were talking about at the first talk but for the next I did not. It was not caused by lack of world knowledge because we can see from the conversation that at the end I understood or recognized that I had misunderstanding then I fixed it. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, misunderstanding is a common thing that can happen in whether communicative interaction is cross-cultural or not. Misunderstanding caused by many factors such as ambiguity in the speaker’s utterances, lack of world knowledge, mishearing, etc. The data shows that the other factor that can cause misunderstanding in communication is being not focus on the conversation. Besides that, the data also shows one of what students usually talk about when they are gathering with their friends is the latest movie. V. References BOU-FRANCH, Patricia (2002) â€Å"Misunderstandings and Unofficial Knowledge in Institutional Discourse†, in David Walton & Dagmar Scheu (eds) Culture and Power: Ac(unofficially)knowledging Cultural Studies in Spain, Bern: Peter Lang. (pp. 323-341) Burgess, Heidi. â€Å"Misunderstandings.† Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: September 2003 . s Kaur, Jagdish. Intercultural Pragmatics. Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 93–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-365X, ISSN (Print) 1612-295X, DOI: 10.1515/IPRG.2011.004, February 2011

Hold on to your positive attitude

O'Neil emphasis attitude Is not only the most Important element In one's social well being, but also the key to be successful In working environments. The passage shows different forms of daily interacting approaches in order for readers to better acknowledge how attitude can be transform into a person's life. People can perceive one's attitude through the words out of a pen, conversation out f a phone call and most importantly, from one's intention out of their motions.On the other hand, the author showed two examples of how one's attitude can differ from influencing the surroundings according to varying situations. The first example is about attitude in the work place. The author point out that one's will to generate positive attitude and also have the ability to retain the positive attitude while working with people, Is the most significant factor of Indicating one's prosperity and the most that other appreciate to working with. Hence, a worker that unable to show positive attitud e will always have significantly as less opportunity to perform as a worker who are always friendly and approachable for help.The second example Is also related to the attitude in the work place, but this is about how one's determination to feel and adapt the surrounding of the working environment. When one perceives the working environment is not ideal or favorable, he tends to perform much worse than a worker who enjoys everything he contact with in the work place. Therefore, the author advice one should always put effort into what is difficult to accomplish, other than wasting time in complaining what is bad and bothering.Moreover, it Is essential to consider the attitude of oneself before action, especially in the work place. It is because attitude Is an Indicator of whether a person fits a position. For example If a worker performs very well at work, but he shows bad manner and unwilling to communicate with his colleges, and such negative attitude have surrounded the team and u ltimately ruined the whole operation of a task. In his example, the blame and responsibility will always go to the worker, not for the reason of his performance, but his poor attitude to work as a team.Besides the two examples, the author has generally described the importance of attitude in personal aspect. The author state that attitude is easier to be perceive with one's body and facial utterance in a conversation, it is because people sometime talks with the tongue in the cheek, but their facial utterances are harder to show overtones and connotations. Therefore, if one perceived negative attitude from a person through his odd language, one will no longer have the will to maintain the conversation due to the negative attitude had already deteriorate the content of such conversation.In addition, the author reminds readers that one should always preserve positive attitude from being distorted, It Is because a deteriorated attitude can affect one's emotion and turns Into negative a ttitude. If such unpleasant mood has spread to the people in the surrounding, one's social life and career will go bad in no time. To should do self-evaluation as frequent as possible, like one should evaluate oneself as en reminds oneself to drink eight glasses of water per day.To conclude, a person should not only show and keep positive attitude in the working environment, but also treat other with honesty, not to expose your negative attitude through the word is important, while avoid negative body and facial gestures are as eloquent as one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. Moreover, one should focus on resolving problems other than blaming people for their mistakes, because negative attitude will not union the group, but only tear it into pieces.

Why The Confederacy Lost Essays - American Civil War, Free Essays

Why The Confederacy Lost Essays - American Civil War, Free Essays Why The Confederacy Lost Why the Confederacy Lost Throughout history many historians have tried to put their finger on the exact reason for the Confederacy losing the war. Some historians blame the head of the confederacy Jefferson Davis, however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Northern army that won out. Yet others have blamed almost every general that the Confederacy had, according to James M. McPherson: Among them Robert E. Lee himself for mismanagement, overconfidence, and poor judgment; Jeb Stuart for riding off an a raid around the Union army and losing contact with his own army, leaving Lee blind in the enemys country; Richard Ewell and Jubal Early for failing to attack Cemetery Hill on the afternoon of July 1st and again for tardiness in attacking on the 2nd; and above all, James Longstreet for lack of cooperation, promptness, and vigor in the assaults of July 2nd and 3rd.(P.19). Hopefully, this paper will shed some light on the true reasons for the Confederacy losing the war. There are two categories that interpretations can fall under, one is internal- internal is looking only at the south, what they did right and what they did wrong. The next one is external-external is looking at both the North and the South, seeing the problems and the successes of both sides. For and example of an external explanation, when Pickett was asked what he thought was the reason for the Confederacy losing the Battle of Gettysburg he said, Ive always thought the Yankees had something to do with it (19). The idea that the Yankees had way too many

Applied & Theoretical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied & Theoretical Research - Essay Example ustrial and commercial technologies, application of research to find out and streamline scientific knowledge to meet specific commercial results with respect to the production, deliverance, sourcing and all the other departments of the industry would refer as applied research. In other fields like health care and medicine applied research would utilize the theoretical knowledge acquired through prior research to design procedures and tools to meet newer challenges in the industry. In other words this kind of research in medical and health industry would direct towards very specific outcomes like the development of new drug, a new therapy methodology or a new surgical procedure. These kinds of experiments can be conducted in animals and other simulative setups to apply and standardize an existing knowledge which is usually a product of theoretical research. Australian Research Council has defined Applied Research as an â€Å"original investigations undertaken in order to acquire newà ‚  knowledge but is directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective† (ARC, 2008). North Western University has defied applied Research as â€Å"research which studies the relationship and/or applicability of theories or principles to the solution of a problem† (NWU, 2008). Theoretical research generally has no relevance with the implications of its findings. It is basically undertaken as a re-inquiry to achieve increased understanding on a proved phenomenon and also on observable facts. This kind of research includes an assumption and the whole effort would be towards either confirmation or rejection of the underlying the assumption made by the research. Observation, description, measurement, experimental manipulations are the tools used by theoretical research in order to formulate and extend knowledge (NJABR, 2005) Theoretical research can be broadly classified as pure theoretical research and oriented strategic basic research. Pure theoretical research is undertaken to

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Survey and analysis of recent and emerging malware (viruses, spyware, trojans - Essay Example Moreover, cyber criminals or hackers have been discovering effective codes, by the day, to enhance the hacking tools that are required to break into confidential information like website customer details or bank passwords etc. Eventually, ‘the mission critical data’ is exposed, causing severe losses for organizations. These scenarios occur due to deficiency of security. Internet searches make available a thousand or more definitions to describe ‘security’. The definition of security, in the context of data theft on the internet, consists of concerns linked to i) communication privacy on the network, ii) data confidentiality over the network, iii) unauthorized access to classified data, iv) entry into prohibited network domains and v) internet utilization for hidden communication. A proposal will be put forward that encompasses issues associated with data theft and its effects on Internet users. The consequent part will highlight effective approaches and tact ics to eradicate data theft. In addition, a few famous Internet crimes will be attached in the proposal in relevance to issues concerning privacy of data and Internet security. If an organization is affected by a security breach, in some cases, it is complex to calculate risks related to information assets present on the network. Likewise, it depends on the severity of the threat that may have caused large disruptions in network-based services. This is the point where digital forensic expert are incorporated for identifying the threat, impact and network incidents caused by it. Organizations experience new techniques and methods from an ongoing investigation by a digital forensic expert. Likewise, the point of interception, methodology and protection etc. are considered to be critical. Moreover, financial institutions are keener to adopt forensic analysis, as this domain including business model and nature of the data, cannot compromise on security. For instance, master card,

Research paper analyzing the writiing style of Stephen King Essay

Research paper analyzing the writiing style of Stephen King - Essay Example On the one hand, critics question King’s writing style as â€Å"The Comic Strip Effect† and â€Å"The Disgusting Colloquialism† (Hoppenstand and Browne 2). On the other hand, King is also praised for his â€Å"dazzling† storytelling skills (Hoppenstand and Browne 2). Since 1987, most of his novels were chief selections of the Book-of-the-Month Club, which in 1989 made the Stephen King Library, and is dedicated to keeping King’s novels â€Å"in print in hardcover† and some were even produced as films, such as The Shining (Badley et al. 1). This paper analyzes King’s writing style. King’s writing style is described as seeking to terrorize, horrify, and lead his readers to gross-some reactions, which magnifies his use of ethos and pathos, while having logos residing â€Å"between the lines.† Stephen King is the King of macabre; he spins stories from â€Å"American nightmares† (Hoppenstand and Browne 2). As the king in this genre, he has ethos or authority in the ghastly dimension of human experiences: â€Å"His work has changed the horror genre and blurred the lines between horror and literary fiction† (Dyson and Bloom 5). His ethos conceals the logos of his stories. He writes about stories of real human conditions that not all horror stories touch upon. King’s thoughts go beyond the archetypal. His â€Å"pop† awareness and his campy humor entice the collective unconscious (Badley et al. 4). In Danse Macabre, King stresses the â€Å"cross-pollination of fiction and film,† and he categorizes his subject into four â€Å"monster archetypes†: the ghost, the â€Å"thing† (or human-made monster), the vampire, and the werewolf (Badley et al. 4). He uses references from classic horror films of the 1930’s and the 1950’s pulp and film industries (Badley et al. 4). He combines the gothic novel, classical fables, Brothers Grimm folktales, and the oral tradition (Hohne 95). During this time, the characters doubt the myths but need them in their lives; horror is particularly comforting and â€Å"cathartic† and the narrator marries the roles of physician and priest into the witch doctor as â€Å"sin eater,† who takes over the culpability and fear of the culture (Badley et al. 4). As a result, Stephen re-creates old monsters by adding a new sense of mystique. In The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976), psychologist Bruno Bettelheim stresses that the enchantment and horrors of fairy tales present existential problems in forms children can understand. King’s paranormal horrors have comparable cathartic and informative roles for adults; â€Å"they externalize the traumas of life, especially those of adolescence† (Badley et al. 4). Danse Macabre represents the externalization of these traumas, as a way of coping and survival. People have to analyze and read between-the-lines, nevertheless, to understand the themes of survival and adaptation in some of King’s novels. King writes to terrorize readers. King’s critics say that his success relies on the â€Å"sensational appeal of his genre,† which King eagerly confesses, because he writes to â€Å"scare people† (Badley et al. 4). His fiction is explicit, maudlin, and at times, known for conventional plots (Badley et al. 4). In Carrie, he writes about the opposite of Cinderella. It is the macabre version of dreams that can hardly come true for a society that denigrates women like Carrie. Furthermore, King’s humor is frequently unsophisticated and â€Å"

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Method - Essay Example However, the Internet, on the other hand, introduces a new world for unethical behaviour. Whereas e-commerce has undergone extensive growth in last 10 years, consumers concerns about ethical issues continue to increase, as well. Even many businesses and consumers are revelling in e-commerce; business issues linked to online purchasing and selling become the negative side of the matter. E-Commerce is the capability of an organisation to have a lively online presence that allows the organisation to carry out its business electronically, basically having an electronic/online shop. Goods/services can be advertised, vended and paid for all electronically devoid of the need for the buying to be processed by an actual human being (Shivani and Grewal 167). Because of the vastness of online advertising, a website can be open to millions of individuals the world over for almost zero cost and with information being capable of changing almost instantly, the website can, at all times, be updated with all the newest products to match with clients’ demands (Berthon et al 261). The major advantage of E-Commerce is its ability to offer safe shopping transactions through the internet and besides instant authentication, as well as validation of credit card transactions (Shivani and Grewal 167). Ethics, in contrast, is the branch of philosophy, which studies what is right and also what is wrong. Ethical rules are regulations to follow in people interactions with others and in their actions, which impact others. They apply to everyone and are meant to attain fine results for individuals and situations, in general; not only for ourselves, and not only for a single situation (Berthon et al 261). Business ethics is involved with the several ethical questions, which managers must tackle as part of their day to day business decision-making (Shivani and Grewal 167). Acting ethically is normally practical since most of

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture Multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization architecture  for cloud and NFV integrated service Abstract- We propose a virtualization architecture for multicampus  information and communication technology (ICT)  equipment with integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate most of ICT equipment on  campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms. Adopting this  architecture would make most of ICT services secure and  reliable and their disaster recovery (DR) economically  manageable. We also analyze a cost function and show cost advantages of  this proposed architecture, describe implementation design  issues, and report a preliminary experimentation of NFV DR  transaction. This architecture would encourage academic  institutes to migrate their own ICT systems located on their  premises into a cloud environments. Keywords; NFV, Data Center Migration, Disaster Recovery,  Multi-campus network I. INTRODUCTION There are many academic institutions that have multiple  campuses located in different cities. These institutions need  to provide information and communication technology (ICT)  services, such as E-learning services, equally for all students  on each campus. Usually, information technology (IT)  infrastructures, such as application servers, are deployed at a  main campus, and these servers are accessed by students on  each campus. For this purpose, each local area network  (LAN) on each campus is connected to a main campus LAN  via a virtual private network (VPN) over a wide area  network (WAN). In addition, Internet access service is  provided to all students on the multi-campus environment. To access the Internet, security devices, such as firewalls and  intrusion detection systems (IDSs), are indispensable as they  protect computing resources from malicious cyber activities. With the emergence of virtualization technologies such  as the cloud computing[1] and network functions  virtualization (NFV)[2], [3], we expected that ICT  infrastructures such as compute servers, storage devices, and  network equipment can be moved from campuses to  datacenters (DCs) economically. Some organizations have  begun to move their ICT infrastructures from their own  premises to outside DCs in order to improve security,  stability, and reliability. Also, there are a lot of contributions  to archiving DR capabilities with cloud technologies [4], [5], [6]. Active-passive replication or active-active replication are  expected techniques that archive DR capabilities. In these  replications, a redundant backup system is required  dedicatedly at a secondary site. With migration recovery [4],  these backup resources can be shared among many users.   These studies mainly focus on the application servers. While,  integrated DR capability for ICT infrastructures, both  application and network infrastructures, are still immature.   We propose a multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization  architecture for integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT infrastructures  on campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms.   Adopting this architecture for multi-campus networks would  improve access link utilization, security device utilization,  network transmission delay, disaster tolerance, and  manageability at the same time.   We also analyze the cost function and show cost  advantages of this proposed architecture.   To evaluate the feasibility of our proposed architecture,  we built a test bed on SINET5 (Science Information  NETwork 5) [7], [8], [9]. We describe the test-bed design,  and preliminary experimentation on reducing the recovery  time of VNF is reported. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II  shows background of this work. Section III shows proposed  multi-campus network virtualization architecture. Section IV  shows an evaluation of the proposed architecture in terms of  cost advantages and implementation results. Section V  concludes the paper, and future work is discussed   II. BACKGROUND OF THIS WORK SINET5 is a Japanese academic backbone network for  about 850 research institutes and universities and provide  network services to about 30 million academic users.   SINET5 was wholly constructed and put into operation in  April 2016. SINET5 plays an important role in supporting a  wide range of research fields that need high-performance  connectivity, such as high-energy physics, nuclear fusion  science, astronomy, geodesy, seismology, and computer  science. Figure 1 shows the SINET5 architecture. It provides  points of presence, called SINET-data centers (DCs), and  SINET DCs are deployed in each prefecture in Japan. On  each SINET DC, an internet protocol (IP) router, MPLS-TP  system, and ROADM are deployed. The IP router  accommodates access lines from research institutes and  universities. All Every pairs of internet protocol (IP) routers  are connected by a paier of MPLS-TP paths. These paths  achieves low latency and high reliability. The IP routers and  MPLS-TP systems are connected by a 100-Gbps-based  optical path. Therefore, data can be transmitted from a  SINET DC to another SINET DC in up to 100 Gbps  throughput. In addition, users, who have 100 Gpbs access  lines, can transmit data to other users in up to 100 Gbps  throughput.   Currently, SINET5 provides a direct cloud connection  service. In this service, commercial cloud providers connect  their data centers to the SINET5 with high-speed link such as  10 Gbps link directly. Therefore, academic users can access  cloud computing resources with very low latency and high  bandwidth via SINET5. Thus, academic users can receive  high-performance computer communication between  campuses and cloud computing resources. Today, 17 cloud  service providers are directly connected to SINET5 and more  than 70 universities have been using cloud resources directly  via SINET5. To evaluate virtual technologies such as cloud computing  and NFV technologies, we constructed at test-bed platform  (shown as NFV platform in fig. 1) and will evaluate the  network delay effect for ICT service with this test bed. NFV  platform are constructed at four SINET-DCs on major cities  in Japan: Sapporo, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka. At each site,  the facilities are composed of computing resources, such as  servers and storages, network resources, such as layer-2  switches, and controllers, such as NFV orchestrator, and  cloud controller. The layer-2 switch is connected to a  SINET5 router at the same site with high speed link,  100Gbps. The cloud controller configures servers and  storages and NFV orchestrator configures the VNFs on NFV  platform. And user can setup and release VPNs between  universities, commercial clouds and NFV platforms  dynamically over SINET with on-demand controller. This  on-demand controller setup the router with NETCONF  interface. Also, this on-demand controller setup the VPN corelated  with NFV platform with REST interface.   Today there are many universities which has multiple  campus deployed over wide area. In this multi-campus  university, many VPNs (VLANs), ex hundreds of VPNs, are  desired to be configured over SINET to extend inter-campus  LAN. In order to satisfy this demand, SINET starts new  VPN services, called virtual campus LAN service. With this  service, layer 2 domains of multi-campus can be connected  as like as layer 2 switch using preconfigured VLAN rages   (ex. 1000-2000). III. PROPOSED MULTI-CAMPUS ICT EQUIPMENT  VIRTUALIZATION ARCHITECTURE In this section, the proposed architecture is described.   The architecture consists of two parts. First, we describe the  network architecture and clarify the issues with it. Next, a  NFV/cloud control architecture is described.   A. Proposed multi-campus network architecture   Multi-campus network architecture is shown in Figure 2.   There are two legacy network architectures and a proposed  network architecture. In legacy network architecture 1 (LA1),  Internet traffic for multiple campuses is delivered to a main  campus (shown as a green line) and checked by security  devices. After that, the internet traffic is distributed to each  campus (shown as a blue line). ICT Applications, such as Elearning  services, are deployed in a main campus and access  traffic to ICT application is carried by VPN over SINET  (shown as a blue line). In legacy network architecture 2  (LA2), the Internet access is different from LA1. The  Internet access is directly delivered to each campus and  checked by security devices deployed at each campus. In the  proposed architecture (PA), the main ICT application is  moved from a main campus to an external NFV/cloud DC.   Thus, students on both main and sub-campuses can access  ICT applications via VPN over SINET. Also, internet traffic  traverses via virtual network functions (VNFs), such as  virtual routers and virtual security devices, located at  NFV/cloud DCs. Internet traffic is checked in virtual security  devices and delivered to each main/sub-campus via VPN  over SINET. There are pros and cons between these architectures.   Here, they are compared across five points: access link  utilization, security device utilization, network transmission  delay, disaster tolerance, and manageability.   (1) Access link utilization The cost of an access link from sub-campus to WAN is  same in LA1, LA2 and PA. While, the cost of an access link  from a main campus to WAN of LA1 is larger than LA2 and PA because redundant traffic traverses through the link.   While, in PA, an additional access link from a NFV/cloud  DC to WAN is required. Thus, evaluating the total access link  cost is important. In this evaluation, it is assumed that  additional access links from NFV/cloud DCs to WAN are  shared among multiple academic institutions who use the  NFV/cloud platform and that the cost will be evaluated  taking this sharing into account. (2) Security device utilization LA1 and PA is more efficient than LA2 because Internet traffic is concentrated in LA1 and PA and a statistically multiplexed traffic effect is expected.  In addition to it, in PA, the amount of physical  computing resources can be suppressed because virtual  security devices share physical computing resources among  multiple users. Therefore, the cost of virtual security devices  for each user will be reduced. (3) Network transmission delay Network delay due to Internet traffic with LA1 is longer  than that with LA2 and PA because Internet traffic to subcampuses  is detoured and transits at the main campus in LA1,  however, in LA2, network delay of Internet to sub-campuses  is directly delivered from an Internet exchange point on a  WAN to the sub-campus, so delay is suppressed. In PA,  network delay can be suppressed because the NFV and cloud  data center can be selected and located near an Internet  access gateway on WAN. While, the network delay for ICT application services  will be longer in PA than it in LA1 and LA2. Therefore, the  effect of a longer network delay on the quality of IT  application services has to be evaluated.   (4) Disaster tolerance   Regarding Internet service, LA1 is less disaster tolerant  than LA2. In LA1, when a disaster occurs around the main  campus and the network functions of the campus go down,  students on the other sub-campuses cannot access the  internet at this time. Regarding IT application service, IT services cannot be  accessed by students when a disaster occurs around the main  campus or data center. While, in PA, NFV/cloud DC is  located in an environment robust against earthquakes and  flooding. Thus, robustness is improved compared with LA1  and LA2. Today, systems capable of disaster recovery (DR) are  mandatory for academic institutions. Therefore, service  disaster recovery functionality is required. In PA, back up  ICT infrastructures located at a secondary data center can be  shared with another user. Thus, no dedicated redundant  resources are required in steady state operation, so the  resource cost can be reduced. However, if VM migration  cannot be fast enough to continue services, active-passive or  active-passive replication have to be adopted. Therefore,  reducing recovery time is required to adapt migration  recovery to archive DR manageability more economically   (5) Manageability LA1 and PA is easier to manage than LA2. Because  security devices are concentrated at a site (a main campus or  NFV/cloud data center), the number of devices can be  reduced and improving manageability.   There are three issues to consider when adopting the PA.   Evaluating the access link cost of an NFV/cloud  data center. Evaluating the network delay effect for ICT services.   Evaluating the migration period for migration  recovery replication. B. NFV and cloud control architecture  For the following two reasons, there is strong demand to  use legacy ICT systems continuously. Thus, legacy ICT  systems have to be moved to NFV/cloud DCs as virtual  application servers and virtual network functions. One reason  is that institutions have developed their own legacy ICT  systems on their own premises with vender specific features.   The second reason is that an institutions work flows are not  easily changed, and the same usability for end users is  required. Therefore, their legacy ICT infrastructures  deployed on a campus premises should be continuously used  in the NFV/cloud environment. In the proposed multicampus  architecture, these application servers and network  functions are controlled by using per-user orchestrators.   Figure 3 shows the proposed control architecture. Each  institution deploys their ICT system on IaaS services. VMs  are created and deleted through the application interface  (API), which is provided by IaaS providers. Each institution  sets up an NFV orchestrator, application orchestrator, and  management orchestrator on VMs. Both active and standby  orchestrators are run in primary and secondary data centers,  respectively, and both active and standby orchestrators check  the aliveness of each other. The NFV orchestrator creates the  VMs and installs the virtual network functions, such as  routers and virtual firewalls, and configures them. The  application orchestrator installs the applications on VMs and  sets them up. The management orchestrator registers these  applications and virtual network functions to monitoring  tools and saves the logs outputted from the IT service  applications and network functions. When an active data center suffers from disaster and the  active orchestrators go down, the standby orchestrators  detect that the active orchestrators are down. They start  establishing the virtual network functions and application  and management functions. After that, the VPN is connected  to the secondary data center being co-operated with the VPN  controller of WAN. In this architecture, each institution can select NFV  orchestrators that support a users legacy systems.   IV. EVALUATION OF PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE This section details an evaluation of the access link cost  of proposed network architecture. Also, the test-bed  configuration is introduced, and an evaluation of the  migration period for migration recovery is shown.   A. Access link cost of NFV/cloud data center  In this sub-section, an evaluation of the access link cost  of PA compared with LA1 is described.   First, the network cost is defined as follows.   There is an institution, u, that has a main campus and nu  sub-campuses. The traffic amount of institution u is defined as follows  different sites can be connected between a user site and cloud  sites by a SINET VPLS (Fig. 7). This VPLS can be dynamically established by a portal that uses the REST  interface for the on-demand controller. For upper-layer  services such as Web-based services, virtual network  appliances, such as virtual routers, virtual firewalls, and  virtual load balancers, are created in servers through the  NFV orchestrater. DR capabilities for NFV orchestrator is  under deployment. C. Migiration period for disaster recovery   We evaluated the VNF recovering process for disaster  recovery. In this process, there are four steps.   Step 1: Host OS installation Step 2: VNF image copy Step 3: VNF configuration copy Step 4: VNF process activation This process is started from the host OS installation because  there are VNFs that are tightly coupled with the host OS and  hypervisor. There are several kinds and versions of host OS,  so the host OS can be changed to suite to the VNF. After  host OS installation, VNF images are copied into the created  VMs. Then, the VNF configuration parameters are adjusted  to the attributions of the secondary data center environment  (for example, VLAN-ID and IP address), and the  configuration parameters are installed into VNF. After that,  VNF is activated. In our test environment, a virtual router can be recovered  from the primary data center to the secondary data center,  and the total duration of recovery is about 6 min. Each  duration of Steps 1-4 is 3 min 13 sec, 3 min 19 sec, 11 sec,  and 17 sec, respectively. To shorten the recovery time, currently, the standby VNF  is able to be pre-setup and activated. If the same  configuration can be applied in the secondary data center  network environment, snapshot recovering is also available.  In this case, Step 1 is eliminated, and Steps 2 and 3 are  replaced by copying a snap shot of an active VNF image,  which takes about 30 sec. In this case, the recovering time is  about 30 sec. V. CONCLUSION Our method using cloud and NFV functions can achieve  DR with less cost. We proposed a multi-campus equipment  virtualization architecture for cloud and NFV integrated  service. The aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT  infrastructures on campus premises into cloud and NFV  platforms. This architecture would encourage academic  institutions to migrate their own developed ICT systems located on their premises into a cloud environment. Adopting  this architecture would make entire ICT systems secure and  reliable, and the DR of ICT services could be economically  manageable. In addition, we also analyzed the cost function, and  showed a cost advantages of this proposed architecture  described implementation design issues, and reported a  preliminary experimentation of the NFV DR transaction/